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Horses are muscular animals, possessing a long, coarse-haired tail, a long, thick neck coiled in the midline, and an elongated head and skull. Humans have created hundreds of different horse breeds through selective breeding, resulting in many different horses’ coat colors including chestnut, gold, And black, horses measured from the ground to the tops of their shoulders, usually between 76 cm and 175 cm in length, and weigh between 54 kg and 1,000 kg.[1]

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How many bones are in a horse’s body?

The skeletal system of horses performs three main functions in the body. It protects vital organs, provides structure, and supports the soft parts of the body. Studies show that horses contain 205 bones, the pelvic end contains 19 bones, and the thoracic end contains 20 bones. Bones perform three main functions in the skeletal system; They act as levers, store minerals, and are the site of red blood cell formation.[2]

Orthopedic classification of horses

Bones can be classified into five categories:[2]

• long bones: They aid in movement and storage of minerals and act as levers, found mainly in the limbs.
• short bones: They absorb concussions, and are found in joints such as the knee and veins.
• flat bones: It encircles the body cavities that contain organs, and ribs are examples of flat bones.
• Irregular bones: It protects the central nervous system, and the spine is made up of irregular bones.
• Bones embedded in the tendon: The proximal sesamoid digitalis is called the sesame bone by the cavalry, and the distal sesamoid digitalis is referred to as the navicular bone.

Ligaments and tendons in horses

It should be noted that ligaments and tendons connect the skeletal system, ligaments hold bones to bones, and tendons hold bones to muscles, synovial membranes are found in joint capsules, as they contain synovial fluid that lubricates joints, and bones are covered by a hard membrane called periosteum, which covers entire bones except for areas The joint, upper body ligaments include:[2]

• Nuchal and supraspinal ligaments: The nuchal ligament connects to the dorsal surface of the cervical vertebrae, and the dorsal part extends from the occipital protuberance of the skull to the arms and then narrows to become the supraspinal ligament. It also connects the 2 to 7 cervical vertebrae with the 1 to 3 thoracic vertebrae. down.
• Ligaments between heads: It is located between the first through the eleventh ribs and helps prevent thoracic disc herniation.
• Suspended ligament: It extends from the posterior part of the cannon bone and then splits into two branches and adheres to the sesamoid bone at the bottom of the spur.
• Interosseous ligaments: The cannon bone attaches to each cast bone, and injury to this ligament results in the condition known as splints.
• Proximal and distal examination ligaments: The proximal examination ligament originates from the radius and is attached to the superficial digital flexor tendon. The distal examination arises from the palmar carpal ligament and is attached to the deep digital flexor tendon.

types of horses

There are more than 350 breeds of horses and ponies, each horse has its own characteristics, horses have multiple abilities and good behavior, and they can be used for riding pleasure and competition, and in the following points the types of horses in the world:[3]

• ponies: Ponies are small, stocky in appearance and developed for use in specific environments. Their body depth is usually equal to the length of their legs. In many dressage competitions, any horse less than 147 cm in height is considered a foal, and ponies weigh from 91 to 680 kg.
• light breeds: Light horses are bred for riding, racing, jumping and herding, their long, slender legs are designed for speed, the long and flexible necks help keep them balanced while running and maneuvering, and well-defined curbs allow light horses to be fitted with a saddle, light breeds weigh from 363 to 680 kg.
• Heavy Breeds: Traction horses are large and bulky horses, intended for pulling plows and carts and carrying heavy loads. Their short, relatively sturdy legs give them better leverage when pulled, and their short, muscular back and strong hind limbs allow them to pull large weights, and heavy strains weigh from 635 to 1225 kg.

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horse characteristics

Horses have oval hooves, a long tail, short hair, long slender legs, a deep, muscular torso, long, thick necks, and large elongated heads. The arachne is an area of ​​coarse hair, extending along the dorsal side of the neck. In addition, horses possess certain characteristics, including which we will mention in the following points:[4]

• Horses are herbivores.
• Horses are great prey for predators and their best defense is to flee.
• A horse can reach a very high speed when running, so it is called a flying animal.
• Horses belong to the herd, and in the wild it is difficult for a horse to survive without the protection of the herd.
• Horses are hierarchical animals, they live in a strict hierarchy and everyone has their place, and this provides clarity and peace in the group.
• Horses are descended from the animals of the prairie steppes, as the wild horse constantly moved in its habitat in order to find food, water and minerals.
• A horse is a habitual creature with an internal body clock, so it knows the times of grazing, and knows the exact time of rest.
• Horses are instinctive animals, and they act instinctively, meaning that the reaction is innate, unconscious, but effective.
• The horse is a social animal.

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What is horse food?

Horses are herbivores, they need a specific diet, they must eat a lot of fiber to keep their digestive system long and sensitive, and they must eat less throughout the day, in general horses eat grass, hay, concentrates, fruits or vegetables help to strengthen their system Food depends on the required work system, and available feed, and studies indicate that an average adult horse should eat dry matter, which weighs about 1-3% of its body weight, and this depends on the activity of the horse and the quality of food, and it is worth noting that horses should not be made Moving or running right after food is uncomfortable for the horse and can affect digestion.[5]

Reproduction in horses

Mares reach puberty at 18 months of age and undergo a heat or estrus cycle. Mares may be exposed to heat frequently during the breeding season, which continues when the warm period and ends when winter approaches. Exposing mares to increased periods of artificial light can start the breeding season at a later time. early.

Interrupted weather Reproduction by birth Mares ovulate regularly every 3 weeks, but they are in heat and accept stallions for only 2 to 8 days, and the heat is usually longer in early spring and only two to three days in late June, and pregnancy lasts from 330 to 342 Days, with lighter breeds their gestation is longer 340 to 342 days, than heavier breeds 330 to 340 days. Pregnant mares have one foal and twins are rare, and foals can see and stand to nurse shortly after birth.[6]

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Diseases that may affect horses

Horses are like other animals that may be affected by diseases, but recent studies have found vaccines to treat various horse diseases, and we will present in the following points a group of diseases that affect horses:[7]

• Equine influenza: This highly contagious viral disease appears suddenly and is expensive to treat. It can leave horses weak. Equine influenza cannot be transmitted to or from humans or horses. Symptoms include fever, cough, nasal discharge and loss of appetite.
• Nose pneumonia: Called the equine herpes virus, the disease causes respiratory infections, paralysis, miscarriage, and sometimes death in young horses. It is highly contagious and spreads through secretions.
• Equine Encephalomyelitis: Transmitted by mosquitoes, it is a fatal disease that attacks the brain and central nervous system. Infected horses may lose their appetite and exhibit irritable or compulsive behaviour.
• Equine infectious anemia virus: Equine infectious anemia is a fatal viral disease, for which there is no effective treatment, and most affected horses do not show any symptoms but remain contagious for life, putting the health of other horses at risk.
• West Nile virus: It is a virus transmitted mainly by different types of mosquitoes that can cause encephalitis, and its symptoms are depression or increased sensitivity to external stimuli, tripping, toe-tugging.
• strangulation: It is a contagious bacterial disease most often seen in young horses. Clinical signs include fever, nasal discharge, cough, and loss of appetite.
• Rabies for horses: A fatal viral disease transmitted by the bite of an infected animal, it is spread primarily by raccoons, bats, skunks, foxes, and wolfs, and is most common in the northeastern United States and Texas.
• Potomac horse fever: Named after the area where the disease was first diagnosed in 1979, Potomac horse fever is characterized by diarrhea, scientists still do not know how the disease is transmitted, but vaccination is highly recommended for horses in areas where Potomac horse fever was diagnosed and for horses that travel to these areas .

Arabic horse

The purebred Arabian horse has the most recognizable characteristics which are its finely chiseled head, concave face, long arched neck and high tail chariot, and its entire appearance is full of energy, intelligence, courage and nobility. A short and straight back, perfect balance and symmetry, a deep chest, well-bolted ribs, strong, bushy legs, and a more horizontal position of the pelvic bones.[8]

Arabian horse characteristics

The Arabian horse has characteristics that distinguish it from ordinary horses, which we will mention in the following points:[8]

• The head is relatively small, the head profile is straight and slightly concave below the eyes.
• The neck has a long, arched neck set at a height and well set back to the high shoulders.
• The tail is straight when viewed from behind.

The horse in human life

An important aspect of the horse-human relationship is the attempt to improve the development and maintenance of a strong positive relationship, and studies indicate that deficiencies in housing management conditions, feeding, social communication possibilities, and training methods may lead to problems in the relationships between horses and humans. Different studies to assess and improve the human-horse relationship especially at an early age reveal that time and type of communication play a role, while recent studies suggest that the use of familiar social models can be very beneficial through social facilitation.

The human-horse relationship has a long and varied history, while meat may have been the primary motivation in the very early stages of domestication, as horses became progressively important tools of transportation, and are now increasingly used as companion animals (Digard, 1999). Unlike many other domestic ungulates, which are mostly kept for breeding, meat production, milk production, or wool production, horses quickly gained mixed status as a food source for some, for recreation and sport, or often as a companion as an agricultural laborer in rural areas. Recently another use of horses has gained a lot of attention as horses and horseback riding are very popular in therapeutic riding programs.[9]

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Here we come to the conclusion of the article How many bones are in a horse’s body?Which dealt in its content with the definition of horses, how many bones are in the body of horses, mentioning their types, characteristics, behaviors, diseases that affect them, how they breed, what type of food they are, and addressing the definition of the Arabian horse, and mentioning the horse in human life.